POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME (PCOS)

PCOS is a gynecological condition (a medical condition that affects only women) that is characterized by increased production of [predominantly male] sex hormones known as Androgens, as well as the presence of fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries known as cysts.

What Causes PCOS?

The exact cause of PCOS is not known. However, research strongly suggests genetic factors play a substantial role in its etiology.

Signs and Symptoms of PCOS

Most signs and symptoms of PCOS are primarily symptoms of absent or infrequent ovulation and elevated androgen levels. Features of insulin resistance are also common.

Menstrual abnormalities such as absence of menstruation and infrequent menstruation.
Hirsutism, that is, hair growth on the chin, chest, back, etc.
Excessive acne
Difficulty getting pregnant
Obesity
Elevated luteinizing hormone levels
Insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance
Multiple cysts on the ovaries

It is important to note that not every woman with PCOS will have the same features or symptoms. Some women with PCOS are asymptomatic, i.e., they do not have any signs or symptoms.

How is PCOS Diagnosed?

Diagnosis of PCOS is made based on the following factors:

Clinical features: These include the signs and symptoms mentioned earlier, especially features of chronically irregular or absent menstruation.
Blood Tests: Blood tests can identify abnormally high levels of androgens, such as Testosterone.
Abdominal ultrasound: This helps to visualize the ovaries and possible ovarian cysts. PCOS is characterized by at least 12 cysts measuring about 2-9mm in diameter each.

How is PCOS Treated?

There is no known cure for PCOS yet. However, there are measures available to reduce symptoms, improve fertility, and manage complications. Some of these measures include:

Weight loss helps to reverse obesity and improve complications
Use of combined oral contraceptives can help to regulate menstruation.
Certain drugs known as estrogen receptor modulators may be used to induce ovulation
A doctor may administer androgen blockers to reduce androgen levels.
Creams like Eflornithine may be used to slow down the growth of unwanted hairs on the chin and face.
Oral hypoglycemic agents may be used to combat insulin resistance

Can Someone with PCOS Get Pregnant?

Although PCOS has been found to reduce fertility in a number of women, it is not a contraceptive. Many women with PCOS have no problem conceiving. Therefore, if you do not want to get pregnant, it is advisable that you opt for a reliable method of contraception.

Can PCOS be Prevented?

Currently, there are no known preventive measures for PCOS. However, healthy lifestyle choices and a healthy body mass index (BMI) are encouraged to reduce symptoms.